reginayakubov
The data in the table below are taken from Amahl, mostly at age…
The data in the table below are taken from Amahl, mostly at age 2.60 (years.days). They illustrate the production patterns that characterize his outputs at this stage. Very similar patterns are observed across learners of English and other languages.
If we assume that Amahl’s stored forms are equivalent to the adult surface forms (SRs), several rules must apply to derive his surface forms. Your job is to figure out the patterns and to express these patterns with rules that make reference to natural classes defined in articulatory terms (e.g., nasals, voiced stops, etc.). You otherwise don’t need to worry about the rule notation you use; just make sure your descriptions are clear (e.g., nasals are deleted in word-final position).
Note that more than one rule can apply to a given word, even to the same segment in a given word. For example, the fricative /s/ may be realized as [d] through the operation of two rules: one which turns fricatives into stops and one which accounts for the change in voicing.
Recall that Amahl’s dialect is Southern British English; there is no [r] in syllable-final position in this dialect. Also, some of his vowels are different from those in North American varieties.
Item #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Adult SR
blæk b?lt br?? ??? khl?? kh?t?n dr??k d?k greip h?d h?lp h?um ?us kh???n leidi m?lk ph?g ?ð?
Child SR
pæk p?t p?t t?t k?k k?g?n k?k k?k keip ?t
?p um tut k?g?n leidi m?k p?k ?d?
Gloss
‘black’
‘bolt’ (N) ‘brush’ (N/V) ‘church’ ‘cloth’ ‘curtain’ ‘drink’ ‘duck’ ‘grape’ ‘hard’
‘help’
‘home’ ‘juice’ ‘kitchen’ ‘lady’
‘milk’
‘peg’
‘other’
Item #
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Child Adult SR SR
phlei pei
ræt ræt skrudraiv? kudaib? ?u tu
said tait sm?? m?t sneik ?eik spæn? pæn? spr?? p?? stæmp tæp sw?? w?? th?nt t?t
ð?? t?
?r?u tu thaig? kaig? thr?k k?k w?? w?t
zu tu
Gloss
‘play’
‘rat’ ‘screw-driver’ ‘shoe’
‘side’
‘Smith’ ‘snake’ ‘spanner’ ‘spring’ ‘stamp’ ‘swing’
‘tent’
‘there’ ‘throw’ ‘tiger’
‘truck’
‘wash’
‘zoo’
1.
DELETION RULES: Several deletion rues are evidenced in the data. Some of these rules target individual segments, either in all contexts or in specific contexts. Some of these rules
target consonant clusters. Provide two rules and include some example words to illustrate your rules.
Rule 1:
Rule 2:
2. RULES AFFECTING VOICING: Three rules are required to capture Amahl’s voicing patterns. Provide three rules and include some example words to illustrate your rules.
Rule 1:
Rule 2:
Rule 3:
3. RULES AFFECTING MANNER OF ARTICULATION: One rule is required to capture Amahl’s manner of articulation patterns. Provide the rule and include some example words to illustrate your rule.
Rule 1:
4. RULES AFFECTING PLACE OF ARTICULATION: Four rules are required to capture Amahl’s place of articulation patterns. Provide 4 of them and include some example words to illustrate them.
Rule 1:
Rule 2:
rule 3:
Rule 4:
