In Chapter 3 of the textbook, Comparative Health Systems. 2 nd…

nettjan10 In Chapter 3 of the textbook, Comparative Health Systems. 2 nd…In Chapter 3 of the textbook, Comparative Health Systems. 2nd edition, (James A. Johnson), describe the characteristics associated with the policy marketplace model (micro model) of health policy decision-making. See below for reference.Thank you.Micro Policymaking—The Policy Marketplace ModelThe marketplace model of policymaking is outlined most completely in the work on health legislative policymaking done by Paul J. Feldstein.11 As the term indicates, it is adapted from economic theory, with suppliers and demanders, as in the economic marketplace. The policy marketplace model has the following characteristics: Like its economic counterpart, the policy marketplace model assumes that individuals and groups are constantly interacting to satisfy their needs. All policy actors are both suppliers and demanders, since they must exchange some commodity in the marketplace to purchase the other goods that they want. For example, politicians supply favorable policies. In democratic states, these usually include financial subsidies, regulations, and additional health-related services for constituency groups, such as senior citizens, hospitals, and medical schools. In exchange, the politicians receive political support, which could include financial contributions, votes, and other desirable commodities.11 In dictatorships such as Zimbabwe, the exchanged goods could also include such items as access to basic health services in exchange for support from armed groups, including the nation’s military and police forces, used to suppress the mass public.12As in the economic marketplace, the policy marketplace around the world features disparities in power.13 Individuals and groups that can supply more can demand more in exchange. In the United States, physicians, senior citizens, hospitals, pharmaceutical and insurance companies, and academic health centers are among the “haves,” since they are politically organized, particularly through interest groups and professional associations, such as the American Hospital Association, the American Medical Association, and the AARP. Members of these groups receive relatively generous government services and legal protections. On the other hand, politically unorganized groups in nations as diverse as the United States and India are often less educated, less politically powerful, and poorly situated geographically, and as a consequence they receive substandard or no medical services.14,15In the policy marketplace, the currency used in exchanges can be money, but it can also include superior leadership, more effective organization, access to and greater articulation through communications media, and greater group-member intensity, or willingness to exert great efforts to advance the interests of the group.16,17 The latter is evident in U.S. health policymaking with disease-specific and victim groups, such as family members of the mentally ill and as people with HIV/AIDS,18,19,20 and it is evident in the post-World War II development of the Japanese health insurance system.21 Money matters, but power in the policy marketplace involves much more than money.To gain control over their relevant areas of the marketplace, nongovernmental groups will attempt to forge enduring alliances with governmental agencies. For example, disease-specific groups in the United States lobby for more federal government funding for research via the National Institutes of Health in their area of disease. In the distinctive policy marketplaces of the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and France, pharmaceutical companies attempt to influence regulation by interacting differently with the relevant national health policymakers.22 More politically powerful groups will be more successful at this than the “have-nots.” Often, these groups will engage in their activities via enduring iron triangles or more transient issue networks of power and influence.23 As a result, it cannot be assumed that government in any given policy system will protect “the little guy.” Indeed, more often than not, governmental regulations reinforce power disparities in health policymaking.11 Arts & HumanitiesEnglish